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| Classwise Additional Science NCERT Questions with Solutions (Class 12th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 12th Biology Additional Questions
1. Reproduction In Organisms
This chapter provides a foundational overview of reproduction as the biological process that ensures the continuity of life. It contrasts the two primary modes: asexual reproduction, which involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring (clones) through methods like budding and fission, and sexual reproduction, which involves the fusion of gametes from two parents, leading to genetic variation. The chapter introduces the key events of sexual reproduction—pre-fertilisation, fertilisation, and post-fertilisation stages. To deepen your understanding of these basic principles, this section provides additional short and long answer type questions beyond those in the NCERT and Exemplar books.
2. Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants
This chapter provides an in-depth look at sexual reproduction in angiosperms. It details the structure of the flower and the processes of microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. A key focus is on pollination and the unique phenomenon of double fertilisation, which leads to the formation of both the embryo and the nutritive endosperm. The chapter also covers the development of the seed and fruit from the ovule and ovary, respectively. To reinforce your learning about these intricate processes, this section offers a variety of extra short and long answer questions for practice.
3. Human Reproduction
This chapter offers a comprehensive account of human reproduction. It details the anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems and explains the processes of gamete formation: spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The chapter describes the menstrual cycle and traces the sequence of events from fertilisation and implantation to pregnancy and parturition (childbirth). The hormonal control that regulates these processes is a key underlying theme. A collection of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here to master this important topic in human biology.
4. Reproductive Health
This chapter addresses the critical issue of reproductive health, discussing problems like population explosion and strategies for family planning. It provides a detailed overview of various contraceptive methods. The chapter also raises awareness about Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and explains the challenges of infertility, along with modern Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) like In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF). This section contains additional questions to help you understand the social and medical aspects of reproductive health.
5. Principles Of Inheritance And Variation
This chapter is the foundation of genetics, explaining heredity and variation through the pioneering work of Gregor Mendel. It details his Laws of Inheritance and explains concepts like dominance, segregation, and independent assortment using monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. The chapter moves beyond Mendelian genetics to discuss phenomena like co-dominance and incomplete dominance. It also introduces the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, linkage, recombination, and sex determination. To test your problem-solving skills in genetics, solve the additional short and long answer type questions available here.
6. Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
This chapter delves into the molecular mechanisms of genetics. It details the structure of DNA and establishes it as the genetic material. The chapter explains the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology, providing a detailed account of three core processes: DNA replication, transcription (making RNA from DNA), and translation (making protein from RNA). It also deciphers the genetic code, explains gene regulation using the lac operon as a model, and discusses the Human Genome Project and DNA fingerprinting. To explore this complex topic further, a set of additional questions is available in this section.
7. Evolution
This chapter traces the grand story of the origin and diversification of life on Earth. It presents various lines of evidence for evolution, including fossils and comparative anatomy (homologous and analogous structures). The chapter focuses on Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection as the primary mechanism for evolutionary change. It also explains modern concepts like adaptive radiation, the Hardy-Weinberg principle, and provides a brief overview of human evolution. This section provides extra questions to practice applying evolutionary concepts.
8. Human Health And Disease
This chapter covers the concepts of human health and various diseases. It details numerous infectious diseases caused by different pathogens and their modes of transmission. A major part is dedicated to the human immune system, explaining innate and acquired immunity and the principle of vaccination. The chapter also discusses non-infectious diseases like cancer and addresses the serious issue of drug and alcohol abuse. A set of supplementary short and long answer questions is provided here for practice on this important topic.
9. Strategies For Enhancement In Food Production
This chapter explores scientific methods to increase food production. It covers strategies in both animal husbandry (dairy, poultry, fisheries) and plant breeding. The plant breeding section details methods for developing high-yielding and disease-resistant crop varieties, which were central to the Green Revolution. It also introduces modern techniques like plant tissue culture and Single Cell Protein (SCP). A collection of additional questions is provided here to reinforce your understanding of how to meet global food demands.
10. Microbes In Human Welfare
This chapter highlights the beneficial roles of microorganisms. It showcases their use in producing household and industrial products like curd, bread, and antibiotics. A key application discussed is their crucial role in sewage treatment. The chapter also explains how microbes are harnessed for the production of biogas and as eco-friendly biocontrol agents and biofertilisers, promoting sustainable practices in agriculture and waste management. To test your knowledge on this topic, this section offers extra short and long answer questions.
11. Biotechnology : Principles And Processes
This chapter introduces the revolutionary field of biotechnology and its core principles, focusing on genetic engineering. It details the essential tools of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology: restriction enzymes ('molecular scissors'), cloning vectors (like plasmids), and ligases. The chapter outlines the complete process of creating a recombinant DNA molecule, including the amplification of a gene using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A variety of additional questions are available here to deepen your understanding of these techniques.
12. Biotechnology And Its Applications
This chapter demonstrates the practical impact of biotechnology across various sectors. In agriculture, it discusses the creation of genetically modified (GM) crops like pest-resistant Bt cotton. In medicine, it covers the production of drugs like genetically engineered insulin, the development of gene therapy, and the use of molecular diagnostics. The chapter also addresses the critical ethical issues and biosafety regulations associated with this powerful technology. To explore these applications further, solve the supplementary questions available here.
13. Organisms And Populations
This chapter marks the beginning of ecology, focusing on the interactions between organisms and their environment, and the dynamics of populations. It describes various adaptations that organisms evolve to survive in their habitats. The chapter then delves into population ecology, explaining attributes like population density and the two primary models of population growth: J-shaped exponential growth and S-shaped logistic growth. It also details the different types of interspecific interactions, such as predation, competition, and mutualism. This section provides additional questions to practice ecological concepts.
14. Ecosystem
This chapter examines the ecosystem as the functional unit of nature. It focuses on four key ecosystem functions: Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, and Nutrient cycling. The flow of energy through different trophic levels via food chains and food webs is explained, governed by the 10% law. The chapter also describes the biogeochemical cycles for key nutrients like carbon and phosphorus, and introduces the concept of ecological succession. To reinforce your understanding, this section offers extra short and long answer questions.
15. Biodiversity And Conservation
This chapter highlights the importance of biodiversity and the urgent need for its conservation. It identifies the major causes of biodiversity loss, termed the "Evil Quartet". The chapter then details the two primary strategies for biodiversity conservation: in-situ conservation (protecting species in their natural habitats, like National Parks and Biosphere Reserves) and ex-situ conservation (protecting them outside their habitats, like in zoos and seed banks). To test your knowledge on this critical environmental issue, a variety of extra questions are available in this section.
16. Environmental Issues
This chapter addresses major environmental challenges facing humanity. It discusses air pollution and its control, water pollution and the importance of sewage treatment, and solid waste management. The chapter explains the mechanisms and consequences of global problems like the greenhouse effect, global warming, and the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. It emphasizes the need for sustainable development and responsible environmental stewardship. A collection of supplementary questions is provided here to deepen your understanding of these issues.